MAHATMA GANDHI UNIVERSITY

KOTTAYAM

B.Sc BIOTECHNOLOGY

SCHEME AND SYLLABUS

AND SYLLABI OF OPEN COURSES, COMPLEMENTARY COURSES OFFERED BY THE BIOTECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENTS

AS PER THE NEWLY INTRODUCED C.S.S PROGRAMME

Members of Bsc. Biotechnology Expert Committee

1. Dr. Keerthi.T.R(Convenor)

Reader in Biotechnology

School of Biosciencess

Mahatma Gandhi University

Email:keerthisureshbabu@gmail.com

Mob:9349487071

2. Dr. Jayachandran.K

Reader in Biotechnology

School of Biosciencess

Mahatma Gandhi University

jayansbs@gmail.com

Mob:9446356612

3. Manjula.S

Senior Lecturer

Department of Microbiology

Sree Sankara College, Kalady

Mob:04842278868

4. Dr. Indu.C.Nair

Lecturer

S.A.S SNDP Yogam College

Konni, Pathanamthitta

Email: inducnair73@gmail.com

Mob:9447806612

5. Manzur Ali.P

Lecturer

M.E.S. College

Marampilly, Aluva, Mob:9447587335

Choice based Courses Offered by the Department

BT6B22AU-       Bioinformatics         

BT6B22BU-        Nanotechnology

                      BT6B22CU-       Diseases and Diagnostic       Biotechnology

Open Courses Offered by the Department

               A. Tissue culture techniques

B. Biotechnology for sustainable development

                                    C. IPR and patents 

SYLLABUS FOR FIRST AND SECOND SEMESTER BSc. BIOTECHNOLOGY AND COMPLEMENTARY COURSES OFFERED BY THE BIOTECHNLOGY DEPARTMENT

                                                                     Core1. BT1BO1U BASIC LIFE SCIENCES

Total hours of instruction: 90       

hours/ week: 5             

Credit : 4

Module 1                                                                                                  45Hrs

Nutrition-digestive system, mechanism of digestion-enzymes, absorption-carbohydrate, lipid and proteins, storage and mobilization of food reserves , respiration, respiratory system- mechanism, Hb- structure and function, regulation, circulation- blood and lymphatic system, blood cells, coagulation, factors and mechanism, anticoagulants, plasma proteins, functions of blood, clotting disorders, lymphatic system, lymph- functions excretion- structure of kidney and nephron, glomarular filtration, urine-normal and abnormal constituents, nervous and hormonal coordination. 

Ref: 1. Physiology - Guyton

       2. Animal Physiology - M.S.Sebastian

       3. Medical Physiology- Mahapatra

       4. Foundation course in Biology- Aggrawal, Ane books.

Module III                                                                                                    15 Hrs                                                                                                                 

Theories   on embryology, spermatogenesis, oogenesis, fertilization,      morula blastula, fatemap

1. A manual of Developmental biology Vijayakumar Nair.K and Jeorge .P.V, Acadamia Publication, Javahar Nagar, TVM- 41
2. Developmental Biology- Muller, Springer
3. Chordate embryolology, P.S. Varma and V.K.Agarval, S Chand and Co.& Ltd

Module III                                                                                                    15 Hrs                                                                                                                          

Absorption and transport of water, macro and micro nutrients, transpiration, respiration, Photosynthesis, plant movements, photoperiodism, vernalisation

Ref: 1. Text Book of Plant Physiology V Verma

        2.  Fundamentals of Plant Physiology V.K.Jain

Module IV                                                                                                    15Hrs                                                                                                                             

Structure of flower, stages of flower development, androecium, gynoecium, micro and megasporogenesis, pollination and fertilization, structure of monocot and dicot embryos, polyembryoni.

Ref: 1.Essentials of Modern Biology-R C Sobti and VL Sharma

2. Plant Anotomy  B.P. Pandey. S.Chand & Company Ltd.New Delhi

Core 2. BT1BO2U ELEMENTARY CHEMISTRY

Total hours of instruction: 90       

hours/ week: 5             

Credit : 4

Module I                                                                                                       24 Hrs                                                                                                                                                

Bohr atom model, Limitations, De broglie Equation, Heisenberg uncertainty principle, Schodinger equation, Atomic orbitals. Quantum numbers and significance.Lattice energy of ionic compounds, applications, VSEPR theory, Hybridization involving s, p, d orbitals – sp, sp2, sp3 , dsp2,  sp3d, sp3d2.Molecular orbital theory,  Hydrogen bonding in H2O,structure of water molecule, organic molecule and biomolecules, intermolecular forces, ion-dipole, dipole-dipole, dipole-induced dipole, induced dipole-induced dipole interactions.

1.      University General Chemistry. By C.N. R. Rao. Mc Millan Publication.

2.      Principles of Physical Chemistry By Puri ,Sharma &Pathania

Module II                                                                                                      22 Hrs                                                                                                                            

Mole concept,Determination of mole wt. By gram molecular volume relationship, problems based on mole concept, Solutions, colligative properties,Methods of expressing concentrations, strength, Normality, Molarity & Molality, ppm. Standardization of solutions, Colloids, pH, buffer systems,dissociation constant, pK value, Preparation of standard solution of acids and bases, problems related to acid base titrations, volumetric experiments-acidimetry, alkalimetry, permanganometry, dichrometry,iodometry.

1.      University General Chemistry. By C.N. R. Rao. Mc Millan Publication.

2.      A Text Book of Physical chemistry By A.S.Negi & S.C.Anand

3.      Chemistry, Second edition Rob lewis and Wynne evans. Palgrave foundations

Module III                                                                                                    24 Hrs                                                                                                                                 

Rates of reactions - various factors influencing rate of reactions - Order and molecularity - zero, first, second and third order reactions. Derivation of integrated rate equations (single reactant only), fractional life time, its relation to initial conc.of reactants for various orders, units of rate constants. Influence of temperature on reaction rates, Arrhenius equation, calculation of Arrhenius parameters, Collision theory of reaction rate.

1. Principles of Physical Chemistry. By Maron and Pruton 4th Ed. Oxford and     IBH Publication
2. University General Chemistry. By C.N. R. Rao. Mc Millan Publication.
3. Chemistry, Second edition Rob lewis and Wynne evans. Palgrave foundations

Module IV                                                                                                    20 Hrs

Structure of organic compounds-Conformation and configuration, Rotation about carbon-carbon single bond, conformations of ethane. Isomerism, types, Geometrical isomerism, Optical isomerism  : explanation with examples.

1.      Principles of Organic chemistry-l. Finar, ELBS

2.      Principles of Organic chemistry- Puri and Sharma

                                                                    Core 3. BT1BO3U PRACTICAL-BASIC BIOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY

Total hours of instruction: 36       

Hours/ week: 2             

Credit: 2

1.      Method of expressing concentration of solutions- calculations based on Normality and Molarity

2.      Standardization of the concentration of acids/alkali based on volumetric  titrations

3.      Qualitative analysis of the organic compounds

Tests for –Hydrocarbons, alcohol, aldehydes, ketones, aniline, amide

4.      Sectioning of monocot and dicot embryos

5.      Cross section of Anther and Ovule

6.      Pollen tube formation

7.      Demonstration of various developmental stages of chick embryo

References

1. Practical Chemistry- A.O.Thomas

2. A practical guide to developmental Biology, Melissa A. Gibbs, Oxford University Press

SEMESTER 2

Core 4. BT2BO4U CELL BIOLOGY

Total hours of instruction: 72      

Hours/ week: 4             

Credit: 4

Module I                                                                                                       10Hrs.

History and development of cell biology. Universal features of cell. Chemical components of cell. Cell theory. General organization of eukaryotic and prokaryotic cell. Evolution of eukaryotic cell.

Ref: 1. Cell and Molecular Biology, Gerald Karp, John Wiley& sons, Inc.

        2. Cell, Cooper

Module II                                                                                                      22Hrs.

Cell cycle-stages, Mitosis, Mieosis, MPF, cyclins. Cell death-Necrosis and apoptosis. Cell Signaling. G protein coupled and tyrosine kinase receptors. Cell junction.  Cell -cell adhesion.

Ref: 1. Cell and Molecular Biology, Gerald Karp, John Wiley& sons, Inc.

2. Cell, Cooper

3. Cell Biology, Smith and Wood

Module III                                                                                                    25Hrs.

Cell Mebrane- structure and function. Molecular models of cell membrane. Membrane transport- active passive facilitated, symport, antiport. Cytoskeleton- Microtubules, Microtubular organelles, microfilaments, Intermediate filaments. Endomembrane system-Nuclear envelope, ER, Golgi complex. Membrane organelle- Mitochondria, chloroplast, Lysosome, peroxisome.

1. Cell and Molecular Biology, Gerald Karp, John Wiley& sons, Inc.

2. Cell, Cooper

3. Cell Biology, Smith and Wood

Module IV                                                                                                    15Hrs

Techniques in cell biology- Light microscopy, Electron microscopy-SEM,TEM. Flourescent microscopy. Fixation and staining. Cytochemical methods. Cell fractionantion. Immunocytochemistry.

1. Cell and Molecular Biology 8^th Edn. EDP De Robertis and EMF De Robertis, Lippincott Williams and Wilkins publication.
2. 2Molecular Cell Biology 6^th Edn. Lodish, Berk, Kaiser, Krieger, Scott, Bretscher, Pleogh, Matsudaira. W.H Freeman and company Publication
3. Microbiology, Prescott, harley and Kelin Wim C, Brown publishers.

             Core 5            . BT2BO5U METHODOLOGY AND PERSPECTIVES OF SCIENCES

Total hours of instruction: 72      

hours/ week: 4             

Credit : 3

Module I - Science and Science Studies

Types of knowledge: practical, theoretical, and scientific knowledge. Information. What is cience; what is not science; laws of science. Basis for scientific laws and factual truths. Science as a human activity, scientific temper, empiricism, vocabulary of science, science disciplines. Revolutions in Science and Technology

·        Gieryn, T.F. Cultural Boundaries of Science., Univ. Chicago Press, 1999.

·        Collins H. and T. Pinch. The Golem: What Everyone Should Know About Science. Cambridge Univ. Press, 1993.

·        Hewitt, Paul G, Suzanne Lyons, John A. Suchocki & Jennifer Yeh, Conceptual Integrated Science, Addison-Wesley, 2007

·        Newton RG. The Truth of Science : New Delhi, 2nd edition

·        Bass, Joel, E and et.al. Methods for Teaching Science as Inquiry, Allyn & Bacon, 2009

·        Debbie Holmes, Peter Moody, Diana Dine. Research methods for the biosciences, International Student Edition, Oxford university press

Module II - Methods and Tools of Science

Hypotheses; theories and laws in science; Observations, evidences and proofs. Posing a question; formulation of hypothesis; Hypothetic co-deductive model, Inductive model. Significance of verification (proving), corroboration and falsification (disproving), auxiliary hypothesis, ad-hoc hypothesis, Revision of scientific theories and laws. Importance of models, simulations and virtual testing. Mathematical methods versus Scientific methods. Significance of Peer Review

·        Gieryn, T.F. Cultural Boundaries of Science., Univ. Chicago Press, 1999.

·        Collins H. and T. Pinch. The Golem: What Everyone Should Know About Science. Cambridge Univ. Press, 1993.

·        Hewitt, Paul G, Suzanne Lyons, John A. Suchocki & Jennifer Yeh, Conceptual Integrated Science, Addison-Wesley, 2007

·        Newton RG. The Truth of Science : New Delhi, 2nd edition

·        Bass, Joel, E and et.al. Methods for Teaching Science as Inquiry, Allyn & Bacon, 2009

Module III - Experimentation in Science

Design of an experiment; experimentation; observation; data collection; interpretation and deduction. Necessity of units and dimensions; repeatability and replication; Documentation of experiments, Record keeping. Connection between measurements and underlying theory.

Types of experiments. Experiments to test a hypothesis, to measure a variable or to gather data by preliminary and explorative experiments.

Planning of experiments: Design, selection of controls, observational requirements, instrumental requirements, Scientific Instruments; Sensory extension; choice and selection of instruments; sensitivity of instruments; Accuracy and precision and errors, Types of instrumentation; Historical development and evolution of scientific instruments. Robotics. (Only a general orientation of scientific instruments required) Making observations: direct and indirect observations, controlled and uncontrolled observations, human and machine observations. human error. Examples of great experiments in science. (To illustrate how various tools were applied to answer a question)

·        Gieryn, T.F. Cultural Boundaries of Science., Univ. Chicago Press, 1999.

·        Collins H. and T. Pinch. The Golem: What Everyone Should Know About Science. Cambridge Univ. Press, 1993.

·        Hewitt, Paul G, Suzanne Lyons, John A. Suchocki & Jennifer Yeh, Conceptual Integrated Science, Addison-Wesley, 2007

·        Newton RG. The Truth of Science : New Delhi, 2nd edition

·        Bass, Joel, E and et.al. Methods for Teaching Science as Inquiry, Allyn & Bacon, 2009

·        Debbie Holmes, Peter Moody, Diana Dine. Research methods for the biosciences, International Student Edition, Oxford university press

Module IV - Data handling and Ethics in science

Documentation of experiments. Nature and Types of data -typical examples; Data acquisition; Treatment of data; Data interpretation, Significance of statistical tools in data interpretation, errors and inaccuracies. Data presentation: graphs, tables, histograms and pi diagrams.

Statistical testing of hypothesis, null hypothesis, Significance test,- Statistics based acceptance or rejection of a hypothesis. Deduction of scientific correlation, patterns and trends.

Ethics in Science; Scientific information, Depositories of scientific information, primary, secondary and digital sources Sharing of knowledge; transparency and honesty; danger of preconceived ideas.

Reporting of observational and experimental data, human bias, Biased observations, Influenceof observer on observations, using and acknowledging observations by others. Publications and Patents.(Details not required) Plagiarism

Reference Books

·        Gieryn, T.F. Cultural Boundaries of Science., Univ. Chicago Press, 1999.

·        Collins H. and T. Pinch. The Golem: What Everyone Should Know About Science. Cambridge Univ. Press, 1993.

·        Hewitt, Paul G, Suzanne Lyons, John A. Suchocki & Jennifer Yeh, Conceptual Integrated Science, Addison-Wesley, 2007

·        Newton RG. The Truth of Science : New Delhi, 2nd edition

·        Bass, Joel, E and et.al. Methods for Teaching Science as Inquiry, Allyn & Bacon, 2009

·        Debbie Holmes, Peter Moody, Diana Dine. Research methods for the biosciences, International Student Edition, Oxford university press

                                                         Core 6. BT2BO6U EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE

 Total hours of instruction: 36      

Hours/ week: 2            

Credit : 1

Module I                                                                                                       8Hrs.

History, theories on evolution, prebiotic environment and molecular evolution, origin of life, Relationship among organisms and evidences of evolution

Ref1. Ecology, evolution and zoogeography- Andrews and Joy

      2. Evolution- Arumugham, Saras publication

Module II                                                                                                      12 Hrs.

Miller-Urey experiment, Darwinian’s theory of evolution, natural selection, speciation, adaptive radiation, role of mutation, modern theories of evolution, micro and macroevolution, human evolution.

Ref1. Ecology, evolution and zoogeography- Andrews and Joy

      2. Evolution- Arumugham, Saras publication

Module III                                                                                                    10Hrs

The components of ecosystem- producer, consumer, decomposer, abiotic components.  Food chain, foodweb, energy flow.  Biogeochemical cycles – nitrogen cycle, carbon cycle.

Ref 1. Microbial ecology-Atlas and Bartha

Essential Environmental Studies S.P.Misra,S.N.Pande Ane Books Pvt.Ltd.

Ecology and environment-Sharma P.D

Module IV                                                                                                    6Hrs.

Environmental pollution- air, soil and water pollution with suitable case studies, global warming, green house effect, acid rain, smog, hazards of nuclear fall out.

Ref 1. Microbial ecology-Atlas and Bartha

Essential Environmental Studies S.P.Misra,S.N.Pande Ane Books Pvt.Ltd.

Ecology and environment-Sharma P.D

 CORE 7 BT2BO7U PRACTICALS- CELL BIOLOGY

Total hours of instruction: 36       

Hours/ week: 2             

Credit: 2

1. Cell counting methods:

a) Haemocytometer: WBC, RBC

b) Differential counting using Leishman’s stain

2. Micrometry:

a) Calibration using occular micrometer

b) Finding out average cell size

3. Squash Preparation

a) Study of mitotic stages

b) Measurement of Chromosome length.

4. Cell fractionation

a) Homogenization of tissue

b) Organelle specific marker for mitochondria, chloroplast.

5. Feulgan staining of chromosomes

References;

1. Allyn Bregman, 1996. Labaratory investigation in cell and molecular biology. John Wiley & Sons.
2. Microbiology Laboratory Manual – Cappuccino, Sherman, Pearson Education
3. A Text book of Practical Physiology -  CL Ghai,  Jaypee Brothers Publishers (P) LTD New Delhi.
4. Medical Laboratory Technology. Procedure Manual for Routine Diagnostic Tests -Volume I, Kanai L Mukherjee; Tata Mc Graw-Hill publishing Company.Ltd New Delhi

COMPLEMENTARY COURSES OFFERED BY THE DEPARTMENT

First and Second Semester

1. BT1CO1U COMPLEMENTARY BIOTECHNOLOGY 1

2. BT1CO2U PRACTICALS- BIOTECHNOLOGY 1

3. BT2CO3U COMPLEMENTARY- BIOTECHNOLOGY 2

(Molecular Biology and Recombinant DNA technology)

4. BT2CO4U PRACTICALS - BIOTECHNOLOGY 2

 1.BT1CO1U  COMPLEMENTARY BIOTECHNOLOGY 1

Total hours of instruction: 36       

hours/ week: 2             

Credit : 2

Module I                                                                                                                    2hrs

Biotechnology-definition, scope, advantages, multidisciplinary nature, trends, Scope of research, Milestones in the development of Biotechnology

Ref: Biotechnology-The biological Principles –Trevan M D, Boffey.S, GouldingK.H and P.Stanburry, TataMcGraw Hill

Module II                                                                                                                   15hrs

Cell membrane, endoplasmic reticulum, cell organelles- nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplast, lysosomes, golgi complex, cytoskeleton

Ref: The world of the Cell- Becker, Reece,Poeni-

Cell and Molecular Biology .Gerald Carp

Module III                                                                                                                 10hrs               The birth of genetics, symbols and terminology, mendel’s experiments, principle of segregation, monohybrid cross, principle of independent assortment, dihybrid ratio, dominance, recessiveness, codominance, semidominance,lethal, multiple alleles, ABO blood typing ,gene interactions-epistasis, pleiotropy, polygenic inheritance.

Ref:Principles of Genetics- A.G.Gardner, John Wiley and Sons pub.

Genetics. A Molecular approach.2^nd Edn. Peter J Russel

Module IV                                                                                                                 9hrs

Linkage, crossing over- mechanism-holliday model , recombination mapping of genes- two factor cross, sex linked inheritance,  Chromosome- size, shape, structure and types of chromosomes, chromosome banding, giant chromosomes, variation ion chromosome number, euploidy, aneuploidy, polyploidy, extrachromosomal inheritance- mitochondria and chloroplast.  

 Ref:Principles of Genetics- A.G.Gardner, John Wiley and Sons pub.

    Genetics. A Molecular approach.2^nd Edn. Peter J Russel

BT1CO2U  PRACTICALS- BIOTECHNOLOGY 1

Total hours of instruction: 36       

hours/ week: 2             

Credit : 1

1. Cell counting methods

a) Haemocytometer : WBC, RBC

b) Differential counting using Leishmans

      c0 Bolood grouping

2. Cell fractionation

a) Homogenization of tissue

b) Organelle specific marker for mitochondria, chloroplast.

3. Problems in mendelian law, crossing over and linkage

References;

1. Allyn Bregman, 1996. Labaratory investigation in cell and molecular biology.

    John Wiley & sons.

2. A Text book of Practical Physiology -  CL Ghai,  Jaypee Brothers Publishers (P) LTD       New Delhi.

3.      Medical Laboratory Technology. Procedure Manual for Routine Diagnostic Tests -Volume I, Kanai L Mukherjee; Tata Mc Graw-Hill publishing Company.Ltd New Delhi

BT2CO3U COMPLEMENTARY- BIOTECHNOLOGY 2

Molecular Biology and Recombinant DNA technology

Total hours of instruction: 36       

hours/ week: 2              

Credit : 2

Module I                                                                                                                    8                                                                                                                                                                      Central dogma, Identification of genetic material-Griffith, Avery, Chargaff”s, Harshey Chase expt. Watson and Crick  model of DNA. Structure of DNA and RNA. Physico- Chemical properties of  DNA. RNA as genetic material.  Packaging of DNA in eukaryotes- Histones, Nucleosomes, concept of gene- exon,intron.

Ref:

1.        Molecular biology of the gene.Watson, Baker, Gann, Bell, Levine, Losick. Pearson   education.

Module II                                                                                                                   10

DNA Replication-Meselson and Stall Experiment. Structure and functions of enzymes and protein involved in Replication. Replication in E.coli. Mutation-types, addition, deletion, transition, transversion, missence, nonsence. Repair-Direct reversal, Base excision and Nucleotide excision repair.

Ref; Genetics. A Molecular approach.2^nd Edn. Peter J Russel.

Module III                                                                                                                 8

Transcription in prokaryotes-Initiation, Elongation and termination. Genetic Code- features, codon anticodon pairing, Wobble hypothesis. Translation in prokaryotes-Role of RNAs, Initiation, Elongation and termination. Regulation of Gene expression-Regulatory protein, Operon concept, positive and negative regulation. Molecular details of Lac operon.

Ref; 1. Molecular  Cell Biology.6 Edn. Lodish. Pearson publication

Module IV                                                                                                                 10

Basics of recombinant DNA technology, restriction enzymes, steps in rDNA technology, vectors, types, Ligation, C DNA preparation. cDNA cloning, Gene transfer methods-CaCl₂   mediated, Electroporation, Microinjection,. Genomic library.  Selection of   recombinants-Insertional inactivation, Blue-white assay and Southern blotting.PCR, RFLP, RAPD techniques.

Reference

1. Molecular biology of the gene. Watson, Baker, Gann, Bell, Levine, Losick. Pearson   education.

2. Genetics. A Molecular approach.2^nd Edn. Peter J Russel.

3. Molecular Cell Biology.6 Edn.Lodish. Pearson publication.

4. Genes VIII.B Lewin. Pearson publication.

5. Cell and Molecular Biology .Gerald Carp

6. Cell -a Molecular approach-Geoffrey M. Cooper Robert E. Hoausman Publisher.

 BT2CO4U PRACTICALS -BIOTECHNOLOGY 2

Total hours of instruction: 36       

hours/ week: 2             

Credit : 1

1. DNA isolation

2. Separation of DNA by agarose gel electrophoresis

3.Estimation of DNA

4. Competent cell preparation

5. Transformation of the competent cell

Reference:

1.Molecular Cloning:A Laboratory Mannual 3^rded.SambrookK.J;Fritsch E.F; Maniatis T. CHLS N.Y.

. Practical Biochemistry 4^th ed . Keith Wilson and John Walker.