B Sc  PETROCHEMICALS

BSc CHEMISTRY(VOCATIONAL)

BSc CHEMISTRY

MAHATMA GANDHI UNIVERSITY

KOTTAYAM

RESTRUCTURED CURRICULUM

FOR

B Sc  PETROCHEMICALS

JUNE 2009

Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam

BSc Programmes in Chemistry

Curriculum

Preface

Science is pivotal to the development of any modern society. However, the creation of a scientific temper in society necessitates proper education and guidance. An effective science education can be imparted at the undergraduate level only by revamping the present curriculum. To achieve this goal, the curriculum should be restructured, giving emphasis to various aspects such as the creativity of students, knowledge of current developments in the discipline, awareness of environmental impacts due to the development of science and technology, and the skills essential for handling equipment and instruments in laboratories and industries.

The Higher Education Council has taken the initiative to reformulate the undergraduate syllabi by introducing choice based credit and semester system. This is to cope with the internationally followed curricula and mode of evaluation. This approach has necessitated the revision of the present curriculum.

This curriculum is prepared to give sound knowledge and understanding of chemistry to undergraduate students. The goal of the syllabus is to make the study of chemistry stimulating, relevant and interesting. The syllabus is prepared with a view to equipping the students with the potential to contribute to academic and industrial environments. This curriculum will expose students to various fields in chemistry and develop interest in related disciplines. Chemistry, being a border science to biology, physics and engineering, has a key role to play in learning these disciplines. The new and updated syllabus is based on an interdisciplinary approach with vigour and depth. Care has been given to ensure that the syllabus is not very heavy while remaining compatible to the syllabi of other universities at the same level. Chemistry being an experimental science, sufficient emphasis is given in the syllabus for training in laboratory skills and instrumentation.

The syllabus has been prepared in a participatory manner, after discussions with a number of faculty members in the subject and also after evaluating the existing syllabi of B.Sc. Part- III, the new syllabi of XI^th & XII^th standards and U.G.C. model curriculum and the syllabi of other Universities. The units of the syllabus are well defined and the scope of each is given in detail. The number of contact hours required for each unit is also given. A list of reference books is provided at the end of each course.

Broad objectives

 To enable the students

• To understand basic facts and concepts in Chemistry while retaining the exciting aspects of Chemistry so as to develop interest in the study of chemistry as a discipline.
• To acquire the knowledge of terms, facts, concepts, processes techniques and principles of the subject.
• To develop the ability to apply the of principles of Chemistry.
• To be inquisitive towards advanced chemistry and developments therein.
• To appreciate the achievements in Chemistry and to know the role of Chemistry in nature and in society.
• To develop problem solving skills.
• To be familiarised with the emerging areas of Chemistry and their applications in various spheres of Chemical sciences and to apprise the students of its relevance in future studies.
• To develop skills in the proper handling of apparatus and chemicals.
• To be exposed to the different processes used in industries and their applications.

          At present there are three undergraduate programmes in Chemistry, viz. B.Sc Chemistry, B.Sc Chemistry (Vocational) and B.Sc. Petrochemicals. These programmes are restructured in such a manner that for each of these programmes there are 4 types of courses, viz. A. Common courses, B. Core courses, C. Complementary courses, and D. Open courses. The core courses are in the discipline of chemistry. These core courses and the pattern of examinations are the same for all the three programmes. In addition to the courses in chemistry there are courses in industrial chemistry for the vocational programme and courses in petrochemicals for B.Sc petrochemicals. Open course is offered by a department to students of other disciplines.      

The structure of the B.Sc Petrochemicals is as follows:

B.Sc Petrochemicals- Detailed Scheme

Detailed Scheme of Instruction of the Core Courses

Detailed Scheme of Instruction of the Petrochemical Courses

Evaluation

              There shall be two parts for evaluation:

i.                     Internal or In- Semester Examination or Continuous Assessment

ii.                   External or End- Semester Examination

                  For the core courses end-semester practical examinations shall be conducted in all semesters. One of the examiners can be appointed from the college and the other one should be external.For the petrochemical courses end-semester practical examinations shall be conducted at the end of semester-2 and semester-4 only.

                 The weightages for the Internal and External examinations shall be in the ratio 1:3. Both evaluation shall be done using Direct Grading system based on 5- point scale as given below

  The overall grade for a programme for certification shall be based on Cumulative Grade Point Average( CGPA ) with a 7-point scale given below.

A separate minimum of D grade for internal and external evaluations are required for a pass for a course.

           For the successful completion of a programme and award of the degree, a student must pass all courses satisfying the minimum credit requirements and must score a minimum CGPA of 2.00 or an overall grade of C+ or above.

Components of the internal evaluation and their weights are as below.

         1. Theory                    

                         Assignment: 1 assignment per course

                         Seminar during Odd Semesters and Viva voce during even semester

2. Practical

3.      Project

Grades for attendance will be awarded as shown below

Project: All students have to undertake a project in Petrochemicals. The report of the project should be submitted in duplicate to the department at the end of the sixth semester and should be produced before the examiners appointed by the University.

Pattern of questions

             The pattern of questions for theory is given below

         End- semester theory examinations should be conducted using test- booklets where each question is followed by the space for writing the answer.

SYLLABUS FOR CORE(CHEMISTRY) COURSES

(Semester – I)

CH1BO1 - Methodology of Chemistry as a discipline of Science

Credits- 2                                                                                       (36 hrs)

Aim:  To illustrate the methodology of science in chemistry

Objectives:

• To have a broad outline of the methodology of science in general  and  Chemistry in particular
• To understand the important analytical and instrumental tools used for practicing chemistry
• To learn computer based presentation and statistical analysis of data using spreadsheet software
• To apply these skills in the analysis of experimental data in chemistry practical

1.    Chemistry as a discipline of science                                                                  (9 hrs)

What is science? Scientific statements, Scientific methods–observation-posing a question-formulation of hypothesis-experiment-theory-law. Falsification (disproving) of hypothesis, inductive and deductive reasoning, revision of scientific theories and laws.

     Methods of science as illustrated through the following

i) Laws of chemical combination- Faradays laws of electrolysis- Daltons atomic theory-atom models- J.J.Thomson, Rutherford, Bohr model and quantum mechanical model of atom.

ii) n-P-V-T relation of gases-gas laws-kinetic molecular theory

    Role of concepts and models in science.

            Evolution of Chemistry- ancient speculations on the nature of matter, early form of chemistry-alchemy, origin of modern chemistry.Structure of chemical science: scope of chemical science,theory and experiment, branches of chemistry. Role of Chemistry as a central science connecting Physics, Biology and other branches of science. Interdisciplinary areas involving Chemistry- Nanotechnology, Biotechnology.

          Chemical science in the service of man: Drugs, food, flavouring agents, sweeteners, cosmetics, soaps and detergents, paints, varnishes, textiles, dyes, fertilizers, insecticides, fuels etc - examples in each.

        Methodology of chemistry: Symbols, formulae, Chemical equations, classification (periodic classification of elements, classification of organic compounds into homologous series), Analysis (qualitative and quantitative), preparation, synthesis, manufacture.

 References

1. J.A Lee, Scientific Endeavor, Addison Wesley Longman (chapters1and 2)
2. C. N. R. Rao, University Chemistry, Universities Press (India) Pvt Ltd (Chapters 1 and 2)

2.    Research in Science                                                                               (9 hours)

Selecting a topic – hypothesis-design of experiment: variables, correlation and causality, sampling, use of controls, experimental bias, analysis, results, discussion of results, models.

              Summary of the scientific methods. Writing Science

 References

 J. A Lee, Scientific Endeavor, Addison Wesley Longman (chapters3, 9 and Appendix 3)

3.    Analytical and synthetic methodologies in Chemistry                    (9 hours)

Titrimetric analysis: fundamental concepts - mole, molarity, molality, ppm and ppb primary standard-secondary standard, quantitative dilution – problems. Acid base titrations- titration curves –pH indicators. Redox titrations – titration curve –titrations involving MnO₄^- and Cr₂O₇^2- - redox indicators. Complexometric titrations – EDTA titrations - titration curves - indicators- Gravimetric analysis: Unit operations in gravimetric analysis Illustrations using iron and barium estimation. Synthetic methodologies – condensation – addition- examples. Separation and    purification techniques – Filtration, Crystallization and precipitation – concept of solubility product as applied in group separation of cations – problems. Fractional distillation, Solvent extraction.

 References

1.      B. R. Puri, L. R. Sharma, Kalia, Principles of Inorganic Chemistry, Milestone Publishers, New Delhi(Chapter40)

2.      D. A. Skoog, D. M. West, and S. R. Crouch, Fundamentals of Analytical Chemistry 8^th edn,  Brooks/Cole Nelson (Chapters 12-17)

3.      Vogel’s Textbook of Quantitative Chemical Analysis 6^th edn, Pearsons Education  Ltd(Chapters 10,11)

4.      G. D. Christian, Analytical Chemistry, JohnWiley and Sons(Chapters 5,7,8,16,17)

4.   Data Analysis                                                                                    (9 hours)

Units, significant digits, rounding, scientific and prefix notation, graphing of data - Precision and accuracy – Types of errors – Ways of expressing precision – Ways to reduce systematic errors - reporting analytical data ,Statistical treatment of analytical data – population and samples –Mean and standard deviation – distribution of random errors– confidence limits – tests of significance – Correlation and regression – linear regression analysis, calculation of regression coefficients (slope, Intercept) using scientific calculator - methods of least squares.

The following section is non-evaluative for theory examination

Familiarization of software packages for analysis and graphical representation of data - MS Excel, Origin, Openoffice calc (Physical Chemistry experiments using software packages are included in the 5^th and 6^th semesters), simulations, virtual experiments, drawing molecular structures using Chemsketch, ISIS Draw.

 References

1. B. R. Puri, L. R. Sharma, Kalia, Principles of Inorganic Chemistry, Milestone

      Publishers, New Delhi(Chapter40)

2.  J.A Lee, Scientific Endeavor, Addison Wesley Longman (Appendices 1,2 and 4)
3. D. A. Skoog, D. M. West, and S. R. Crouch, Fundamentals of Analytical Chemistry 8^th edn,  Brooks/Cole Nelson (Chapters 5-8)
4. Vogel’s Textbook of Quantitative Chemical Analysis 6^th Edn, Pearsons Education Ltd.(Chapter 4)
5. G. D. Christian, Analytical Chemistry, JohnWiley and Sons(Chapter 2)
6. R. Crouch and F. J. Holler, Applications of Microsoft Excel in Analytical S.Chemistry, Brooks/Cole

                                                                                                                                                                                                                       Further Reading

1.      J. Mills and P. Evans, Core Chemistry, Foundation books Pvt Ltd, New Delhi (2004)

2.      T. F. Gieryn, Cultural boundaries of science, University  Chicago Press, 1999

3.      H. Collins and T. Pinch, The Golem, What everyone should know about science, Cambridge University Press, 1993

4.      Hewitt, Paul G, S.  Lyons, J. A. Suchocki and J. Yeh, Conceptual Integrated Science, Addison Wesley, 2007

5.      Methods for Teaching Science As Inquiry, Allyn and Bacon, 2009

6.      K. V. S. Sarma, Statistics made simple, Prentice-Hall of India, New Delhi.

7.      R. Crouch and F. J. Holler, Applications of Microsoft Excel in Analytical S.Chemistry, Brooks/Cole.

8.      R.D Jarrard, Scientific Methods,jarrard@mines.utah.edu,2001

9.      R. Sangenburg, D. K. Moser, History of Science (5 volumes), Universities Press (India) Ltd.  

                     Practical: CH1B01 Volumetric Analysis

   Credit-1                                                                            ( 36 hrs)

1. Acidimetry and alkalimetry

1. Strong acid – Weak base
2. Strong base – Weak acid
3. Estimation of Na₂CO₃ and NaHCO₃ in a mixture
4. Estimation of  NaOH and NaHCO₃ in a mixture
5. Estimation of ammonia in ammonium salts by direct and indirect methods

2. Complexometry

1. Estimation of Zn using EDTA
2. Estimation of Mg using EDTA
3. Estimation of Mg + Ca
4. Estimation of Ni
5. Determination of hardness of water

           References

1. D. A. Skoog, D. M. West, and S. R. Crouch, Fundamentals of Analytical

      Chemistry 8^th edn,  Brooks/Cole Nelson (Chapters 13,14)

2. Vogel’s Textbook of Quantitative Chemical Analysis 6^th edn, Pearsons Education

            Ltd.(Chapter 10)

3. G. D. Christian, Analytical Chemistry, JohnWiley and Sons(Chapters 7,8)
4. R.D Day, A.L. Uderwood, Quantitative analysis,6^th Edn.,Prentice Hallof India

      Pvt. Ltd(Chapters 6,8)

(Semester – II)

CH2B01 : Theoretical and Inorganic Chemistry  

       Credits- 2                                                                 (36 hrs)

Aim

 To impart essential theoretical knowledge on atomic structure, periodic properties, chemical bonding, and nuclear chemistry.

Objectives:

• To study the various atom models
• To understand the important features of the quantum mechanical model of the atom.
• To study the periodic properties of elements
• To explain the formation of different types of bonds
• To predict the geometry of simple molecules
• To explain the different types of hybridisation and draw shapes of simple covalent molecules
• To understand the molecular orbital theory of diatomic molecules
• To develop interest in various branches of inorganic chemistry.
• To study nuclear models and nuclear reactions.

 1.  Atomic Structure                                                                                                 (9 hrs)

Bohr model of hydrogen atom, Bohr’s equation for the energy of electron in hydrogen atom, the hydrogen spectrum, limitations of Bohr theory, photoelectric effect, idea of de Broglie  matter waves, Heisenberg’s uncertainity principle       and its significance, Schrodinger wave equation (derivation not expected), wave functions, significance of ψ (psi) and ψ², atomic orbitals, Nodal planes in atomic orbitals, quantum numbers (n, l, m), Zeeman effect, Stern-Gerlac experiment, spin quantum number (s), shapes of s, p and d orbitals. Aufbau and Pauli’s exclusion principles, Hund’s rule, energy level diagram of a multielectron atom, concept of effective nuclear charge, Slater’s rules and applications, Electronic configuration of atoms.

 References

1. J. D. Lee, Concise Inorganic Chemistry, 5^th edn., Blackwell Science, London (Chapter 1)
2. B. R. Puri, L. R. Sharma, Kalia, Principles of Inorganic Chemistry, Milestone Publishers, New Delhi(Chapter 1)
3. C. N. R. Rao, University General Chemistry, Macmillan, 3^rd edn., John Wiley, 2001(Chapter 1)
4. F.A. Cotton, G. Wilkinson and P.L. Gans, Basic Inorganic Chemistry, 3^rd edn., John Wiley(Chapter 2).
5. D. F. Shriver and P. W. Atkins, Inorganic Chemistry, 3^rd edn., Oxford University Press(Chapter 1)
6. B. Douglas, D. Mc Daniel, John Alexander, Concepts and models in Inorganic Chemistry(Chapter 1)

2. Periodic properties                                                                                                (3 hrs)

Periodic trends in atomic volume, atomic and ionic radii, ionisation enthalpy, electron affinity(electron gain enthalpy), electronegativity and metallic character, Pauling’s electronegativity scale, Classification of elements as s,p,d & f block.

 References

1. J. D. Lee, Concise Inorganic Chemistry, 5^th edn., Blackwell Science, London(Chapter 1,6)
2. B. R. Puri, L. R. Sharma, Kalia, Principles of Inorganic Chemistry, Milestone Publishers, New Delhi(Chapter 2)
3. C. N. R. Rao, University General Chemistry, Macmillan 3^rd edn., John Wiley, 2001(Chapter 3)
4. F.A. Cotton, G. Wilkinson and P.L. Gans, Basic Inorganic Chemistry, 3^rd edn., John Wiley(Chapter 2).
5. B. Douglas, D. Mc Daniel, John Alexander, Concepts and models in Inorganic Chemistry(Chapter 1).

 3 Chemical Bonding                                                                                                (15 hrs)

Ionic bond – nature of ionic bond, properties of ionic compounds, radius ratio and coordination number, factors favouring the formation of ionic compounds. Lattice                   energy, Born-Lande equation with derivation, factors affecting lattice enthalpy,                  Born-Haber cycle and its applications, solvation enthalpy and solubility of ionic compounds.

Covalent bond- valence bond theory and its limitations, concept of resonance, resonance energy, hybridisation and shapes of simple molecules (BeF₂, PCI₃, PCI₅, SF₆ , CH₄, Ethane, ethane and ethyne) VSEPR theory, shapes of molecules and ions (NH₃, XeF₆, CIF₃, NH₄⁺, H₃O⁺). Molecular orbital theory – LCAO method, molecular orbital energy diagram and properties of homo and hetero diatomic molecules (N₂, O₂, CO and NO), bond strength and bond energy. Polarisation of covalent bond, polarising power and polarisability of ions, Fajan’s rule.

Dipole moment and molecular structure – percentage ionic character from dipole moment.

Metallic bonding – free electron theory, valence bond theory and band theory, explanation of metallic properties based on these theories.

Weak chemical forces – hydrogen bond, inter and intra molecular hydrogen bonds, effects of hydrogen bonding, van der Waals forces

 References

1.      J. D. Lee, Concise Inorganic Chemistry, 5^th edn., Blackwell Science, London(Chapter 2-5)

2.      B. R. Puri, L. R. Sharma, Kalia, Principles of Inorganic Chemistry, Milestone Publishers, New Delhi(Chapter 4,5)

3.      C. N. R. Rao, University General Chemistry, Macmillan 3^rd edn., John Wiley, 2001(Chapter 3)

4.      F.A. Cotton, G. Wilkinson and P.L. Gans, Basic Inorganic Chemistry, 3^rd edn., John Wiley(Chapter 3,4).

5.      D. F. Shriver and P. W. Atkins, Inorganic Chemistry, 3^rd edn., Oxford University Press(Chapter 2,3)

4 Nuclear Chemistry                                                                                             (9 hrs)

Nuclear particles, nuclear forces, nuclear size, nuclear density, stability of nucleus, binding energy, magic numbers, packing fraction, n/p ratio. Nuclear models – liquid drop model and shell model.

Natural radioactivity, modes of decay, decay constant, half life period, average life, radioactive equilibrium, Geiger-Nuttal rule, units of radioactivity, radiation dosage.

Induced radioactivity, nuclear reactions induced by charged projectiles, neutrons and γ rays, fission reactions, fusion reactions, spallation reactions, preparation of transuranic elements, Q values of nuclear reactions. Fertile and fissile isotopes, chain reaction, stellar energy.

 References

1. B. R. Puri, L. R. Sharma, Kalia, Principles of Inorganic Chemistry, Milestone Publishers, New Delhi(Chapter 38)
2. H.J.Arnikar, Essentials of Nuclear Chemistry,New Age International(Chapter3- 5)
3. R. Gopalan, Elements of Nuclear Chemistry, Vikas Publ. House.

      Further Reading

1           J. E. Huheey, E. A. Keiter, R. L. Keiter, Inorganic Chemistry, 4^th edn., Harper Collins, 1993.

2           G. Wulfsberg, Inorganic Chemistry, Viva Books

3           W. L Jolly, Inorganic Chemistry, Ttata Mc Graw Hill

4           J. D. Lee, New concise inorganic chemistry,

5           M. N. Greenwood and A. Earnshaw, Chemistry of the elements 2^nd edn, Butterworth

6           Manas Chanda, Atomic structure and chemical bonding

7           H. J. Emeleus, A. G. Sharpe, Modern Aspects of Inorganic Chemistry, Universal Book Stall

8           J David Brown, The Chemical Bond in Inorganic Chemistry, Oxford Science Publication

                                        Practical:CH2B01 Volumetric Analysis

                Credit- 1                                                                                      (36 hrs)

A. Permanganometry

1. Determination of Ferrous iron
2. Determination of Oxalic acid
3. Determination of Hydrogen Peroxide
4. Determination of Calcium

B. Dichrometry

1. Determination of Ferrous iron using internal indicato
2. Determination of Ferrous iron using external indicator
3. Determination of Ferric iron – reduction with SnCl₂

 C. Iodometry and Iodimetry

1.  Standardisation of thiosulphate using KIO₃, electrolytic copper and

       potassium dichromate.

2. Estimation of As₂O₃ and arsenite.
3. Estimation of Cu in a copper salt.

 References

1. D. A. Skoog, D. M. West, and S. R. Crouch, Fundamentals of Analytical Chemistry 8^th edn,  Brooks/Cole Nelson (Chapters 13,14)
2. Vogel’s Textbook of Quantitative Chemical Analysis 6^th edn, Pearsons Education Ltd.(Chapter 10)
3. G. D. Christian, Analytical Chemistry, JohnWiley and Sons(Chapter12)
4. R.D Day, A.L. Uderwood, Quantitative analysis,6^th Edn.,Prentice Hallof India Pvt. Ltd(Chapter 11)

               SYLLABUS FOR PETROCHEMICALS COURSES

                                            Semester- 1

                       PC1B01: Origin and Recovery of Crude Oil

    Credits- 3                                                                                                    (72 hrs)

Aim: The aim of the course is to give an insight into the origin and exploration of petroleum.

Objectives  :- 

 To study:       

                 Theories regarding the origin of petroleum

                 Methods of exploration and composition of crude oil

                 Refining of petroleum

                 Characterestics and uses of fuels and bitumen from crude oil

Module-1.

Crude Oil : Historical review, chemistry of petroleum hydrocarbons---study of ASTM  and Institute of petroleum(IP) ,composition of crude oil.

Oil reservoirs  ----Anticline trap—Fault___stratigraphic trap ----Constitution of crude oil,  Oil Exploration methods- geophysical exploration---magnetic method, gravimetric method , electrical method---radio acitive method.  Core sampling, Drilling operations. Petroleum production- natural method—dissolved gas drive—water drive—gravity drive- secondary methods. Other source of petroleum. Petroleum from coal, natural gas and its constitution. .Elemental analysis of crude oil, hydrocarbon compounds, non -hydrocarbon compounds in crude oil, metallic constituents

Module-2

Transportation and storage of crude oil: Crude transportation and product transferring. Type of storage tanks - Cone roof and floating roof, nitrogen blanketing, truck and tankers,LPG bullets. Pipe line transfer,  Rail way. Crude Reservoirs .Indian resources of petroleum

Module-3

Function of refineries: simple refinery ,complex refinery, integrated refinery sweetening process , stripping, distillation procedures, heat exchangers,

separation of products from crude  oil, reduced crude oil ,vacuum  distillation Composition of different distillates .

Module-4

Type of hydrocarbon fuels  and its characteristics. ASTM methods of product testing. Specifications for various fuels. Detailed study of

Naphtha, LPG ,Gasoline, Kerosene, Diesel, Fuel oils , Bitumen ,Rubberized bitumen and bitumen emulsion

 References

1.      Speight G James, Marcel Dekker,The Chemistry and Technology of Petroleum , Inc 1991

2.      Tripathi G.N ,Indian Petroleum Directory , Indian Petroleum Publishers

3.      Asphalt hand book, Manual series , Asphalt institute 1989

4.      W.L.Nelson ,Petroleum refining engineering,Mc.Graw Hill

5.      R.A.Meyers ,Handbook of petroleum refining process

6.      B.K Sharma ,Industrial Chemistry,Goyal Publication

7.      Sukumar Maiti ,Introduction to Petrochemicals

8.      D.S.J Jones ,Elements of Petroleum Processing

9.      Dr.KochuBaby Manjooran ,Modern Petroleum Chemistry –An Overview

10.  R.A.Meyers ,Handbook of petroleum refining process

11.  B.K Sharma ,Industrial Chemistry,Goyal Publication

12.  Sukumar Maiti ,Introduction to Petrochemicals

13.  D.S.J Jones ,Elements of Petroleum Processing

14.  Dr.KochuBaby Manjooran ,Modern Petroleum Chemistry –An Overview

15.  Rakesh Rathi ,Petroleum refining Process ,S.B.S Publishers

                                Semester- 2

         PC2B01:Test Methods and Petroleum Processes

   Credits- 3                                                               (72 hrs)

Aim: the aim of the course is to provide an account of some important quality parameters of crude oil fractions and also some important chemical modifications of petroleum fractions.

Objectives  :-

. To study:

·        Important quality parameters of crude oil fractions

·        Cracking and reforming of petroleum

·        Characteristics of aviation fuel

·        Physical properties of bitumen

Module-1

Introduction – Significance –effect of blending and illustration of the following:Pour point, Cloud point ,Cetane number ,Pour point Depressants

Octane number and octane boosters ,Distillation, viscosity and its reducers

Flash point ,copper corrosion, calorific value, Reid vapor pressure, Aniline point. Detailed study of Abel and PMC method.

Doctor solution and its uses.API gravity, existent gum and potential gum

Module-2

Evaluation of Bitumen:  Elastic recovery, ductility ,softening point,

penetration  test.

Module-3

 Aviation fuels: Different types of Aviation fuels .and  analysis; silver corrosion , WSIM, JEFTOT ,anti oxidants, static electricity reducers, final boiling point.,total sulphur, mercaptans,lubricity, smoke point freezing point, calorific value

Module-4

Manufacture of gasoline by cracking, antiknock performance, research octane numbermotor octane number, road octane number

Module-5

Cracking operations :Different types of cracking.Thermal cracking of petroleum products,thermal cracking of vacuum gas oil. Types of thermal cracking:mixed phase cracking , vapor phase cracking, selective cracking, visbreaking. Catalytic cracking-Commercial processes. Feed stocks of catalytic cracking, process variables of cracking.Catalysts for cracking. Hydro cracking,hyro processing. Comparison of hydro cracking and hydro treating. Hydro forming , plat forming ,uniforming, ultra forming, auto forming. Catalysts for hydro cracking. Reforming: Thermal reforming, catalytic reforming , fixed bed reforming, hyperforming. Isomerism . Hysomer process. Penex process -  Alkylation

 References

1.      ASTM  Methods, Indian standards(Methods of test for petroleum and its Products,)

2.      Speight G James, Marcel Dekker ,The chemistry and technology of Petroleum ,Inc 1991

3.      Tripathi G.N,Indian Petroleum Directory , Indian Petroleum Publishers

4.      Asphalt hand book, Manual series , Asphalt institute 1989,

5.      W.l. Nelson, Petroleum engineering .

6.      B.K. Sharma ,Industrial Chemistry

7.      Navid Nader Pow ,Petrochemical Production Process,S.B.S Publishers

8.      Dr.KochuBaby Manjooran ,Modern Petroleum Chemistry

                                               PC2B02:Practical -1                                       

          Credits- 2                                                                              (72 hrs)

1.Determination of softening point

2.Determination of penetration of bitumen

3.Determination of Ductility of Bitumen

4.Determination of Aniline point of diesel fuel

5.Determination of Diesel Index                                                                                         

6.Distillation of Petrol

7.Distillation of Kerosene

8.Distillation of Diesel

9.Determination of water content in diesel –Dean Stark Method

10.  Determination of water content in furnace oil- Dean Stark Method

MAHATMA GANDHI UNIVERSITY

KOTTAYAM

RESTRUCTURED CURRICULUM

FOR

BSc CHEMISTRY(VOCATIONAL)

JUNE 2009

Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam

B.Sc Programmes in Chemistry

Curriculum

Preface

Science is pivotal to the development of any modern society. However, the creation of a scientific temper in society necessitates proper education and guidance. An effective science education can be imparted at the undergraduate level only by revamping the present curriculum. To achieve this goal, the curriculum should be restructured, giving emphasis to various aspects such as the creativity of students, knowledge of current developments in the discipline, awareness of environmental impacts due to the development of science and technology, and the skills essential for handling equipment and instruments in laboratories and industries.

     The Higher Education Council has taken the initiative to reformulate the undergraduate syllabi by introducing choice based credit and semester system. This is to cope with the internationally followed curricula and mode of evaluation. This approach has necessitated the revision of the present curriculum.

     This curriculum is prepared to give sound knowledge and understanding of chemistry to undergraduate students. The goal of the syllabus is to make the study of chemistry stimulating, relevant and interesting. The syllabus is prepared with a view to equipping the students with the potential to contribute to academic and industrial environments. This curriculum will expose students to various fields in chemistry and develop interest in related disciplines. Chemistry, being a border science to biology, physics and engineering, has a key role to play in learning these disciplines. The new and updated syllabus is based on an interdisciplinary approach with vigour and depth. Care has been given to ensure that the syllabus is not very heavy while remaining compatible to the syllabi of other universities at the same level. Chemistry being an experimental science, sufficient emphasis is given in the syllabus for training in laboratory skills and instrumentation.

       The syllabus has been prepared in a participatory manner, after discussions with a number of faculty members in the subject and also after evaluating the existing syllabi of B.Sc. Part- III, the new syllabi of XI^th & XII^th standards and U.G.C. model curriculum and the syllabi of other Universities. The units of the syllabus are well defined and the scope of each is given in detail. The number of contact hours required for each unit is also given. A list of reference books is provided at the end of each course.

 Broad objectives

  To enable the students 

• To understand basic facts and concepts in Chemistry while retaining the exciting aspects of Chemistry so as to develop interest in the study of chemistry as a discipline.
• To acquire the knowledge of terms, facts, concepts, processes techniques and principles of the subject.
• To develop the ability to apply the of principles of Chemistry.
• To be inquisitive towards advanced chemistry and developments therein.
• To appreciate the achievements in Chemistry and to know the role of Chemistry in nature and in society.
• To develop problem solving skills.
• To be familiarised with the emerging areas of Chemistry and their applications in various spheres of Chemical sciences and to apprise the students of its relevance in future studies.
• To develop skills in the proper handling of apparatus and chemicals.
• To be exposed to the different processes used in industries and their applications.

     At present there are three undergraduate programmes in Chemistry, viz. B.Sc Chemistry, B.Sc Chemistry (Vocational) and B.Sc. Petrochemicals. These programmes are restructured in such a manner that for each of these programmes there are 4 types of courses, viz. A. Common courses, B. Core courses, C. Complementary courses, and D. Open courses. The core courses are in the discipline of chemistry. These core courses and the pattern of examinations are the same for all the three programmes. In addition to the courses in chemistry there are courses in industrial chemistry for the vocational programme and courses in petrochemicals for B.Sc petrochemicals. Open course is offered by a department to students of other disciplines.      

   The structure of the B.Sc chemistry (Vocational) course is as follows:

  B.Sc. Chemistry (Vocational)- Detailed Scheme

Detailed Scheme of Instruction of the Core Courses